The Confluence of Genetic Factors and Neurotransmitter Dysregulation in Schizophrenia: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.11.2.191Keywords:
Schizophrenia, Neurotransmitters, cognitive neuroscienceAbstract
Schizophrenia is a psychiatric condition characterized by a profound mental illness that impairs an individual's capacity to function in both social and cognitive domains. Individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia display psychopathological symptoms that are categorized as positive, negative, and cognitive. According to some estimates, nearly 98% of people with schizophrenia have cognitive deficits and perform below their expected cognitive capacity, which depends on their premorbid intelligence and parental educational attainment. Schizophrenia affects approximately 24 million individuals worldwide, which translates to a prevalence rate of 0.32%, or 1 in 300 people. In the interim, the prevalence of the condition among adults is 0.45% or 1 in 222 individuals. The heritability of schizophrenia is widely recognized to be significant, ranging from 60% to 90%. As a result, identifying specific risk genes is crucial for comprehending this disorder's underlying causes and physiological mechanisms. The pathophysiology of schizophrenia involves the dysregulation of various neurotransmitters and the pathways associated with it, various environmental factors, and heredity are also associated with it. Dopamine and other neurotransmitters associated with it like serotonin, glutamine et cetera have been the main drug targets of schizophrenia. The purpose of this review is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and manifestations of schizophrenia. Overall, there is still insufficient evidence to prove the underlying cause of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Nonetheless, it is important to recognize the unknown and unidentified reasons underlying schizophrenia.
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