Sparks over Saturn: A Revision on Francisco de Goya´s (1746-1828) disorders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.5.2.52Keywords:
Goya, Electrotherapy, Bipolar, Depression, Lead, NeurosyphilisAbstract
Abstract
In 2012, the Official Curator of Prado Museum, G. Maurer, revealed a letter which showed that the famous painter Francisco Joseph de Goya y Lucientes (1746-1828) had Electrotherapy sessions with a “Glass Disc Machine” (a Ramsden machine). Goya was trying to cure his deafness. The 1793 ‘illness of Goya’ seems still to be an enigma. Recently, Susac Syndrome has been mentioned again as one of the possible causes. We will briefly see the use of electrotherapy ca.1800, and make a revision, with an ICD, DSM based criteria, of the diseases and mental disorders (Bipolar II, PTSD), that could have affected to Goya during his life, especially Syphilis, Malaria, Typhus, and a life-long Heavy metal poisoning.
References
REFERENCES
Abkur, T. M., Ahmed, G. S., Alfaki, N. O., & O'connor, M. (2015). Neurosyphilis presenting with a stroke-like syndrome. BMJ case reports, 2015, bcr2014206988. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2014-206988
Atkinson, J. R. (2006). The perceptual characteristics of voice-hallucinations in deaf people: insights into the nature of subvocal thought and sensory feedback loops. Schizophrenia bulletin, 32(4), 701-708. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj063
Baume, A. (1793). Elementos de farmacia teórica y práctica.(Elements of Pharmacy in theory and practice)(Vol. 3). Madrid, en la Imprenta Real. p 269 retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Berg, A. I., & Johansson, B. (2014). Personality Change in the Oldest‐Old: Is It a Matter of Compromised Health and Functioning?. Journal of Personality, 82(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12030
Bouchard, M. F., Bellinger, D. C., Weuve, J., Matthews-Bellinger, J., Gilman, S. E., Wright, R. O… & Weisskopf, M. G. (2009). Blood lead levels and major depressive disorder, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder in US young adults. Archives of general psychiatry, 66(12), 1313- 1319. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164
Bourgeois, M.L.(2003) What is disordered in bipolar disorder? Chr. 1.6 in Maj, M., Akiskal, H. S., López-Ibor, J. J., & Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (2003). Bipolar disorder (Vol. 15). John Wiley & Sons. p 64
Bouvier, P. (2011). ‘Yo lo vi’. (I saw this) Goya witnessing the disasters of war: an appeal to the sentiment of humanity. International Review of the Red Cross, 93(884), 1107-1133. https: //doi.org/10.1017/S1816383112000379
Calvo, J. I. (1993). Goya y los Bayeu a través de las cartas de Fray Manuel Bayeu. (Goya and Bayeu family thru the letters of Manuel Bayeu. ) Artígame: Revista del Departamento de Historia del Arte de la Universidad de Zaragoza, (10), 373-402. Retrievable from http://www.unizar.es/artigrama/pdf/10/3articulos/16.pdf
Canellas, A. (1991). Diplomatario: Addenda/Francisco de Goya. (Addendum to Private Correspondence of Fco. De Goya).Zaragoza: Institución Fernando el Católico.
Canellas, A. (1981). Diplomatario de Francisco de Goya.(Correspondence of Fco. de Goya) Zaragoza, Institución Fernando el Católico.
Casey, L. L. (2006). Goya:‘In sickness and in health’. International
Journal of Surgery, 4(1), 66-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2005.08.001
Castilla-Guerra, L., Fernández-Moreno, M. D. C., & Izquierdo, G. (1999). Neurosyphilis in elderly patients. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 11(2), 287-287. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.11.2.287
Cawthorne, T. Goya's illness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1962;55:213–217. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1896566/
Chabaneau, F. (1790). Elementos de Ciencias naturales: dispuestos de órden del Rey (Vol. 1). (Elements of Natural science, by order of the King).Madrid, en la Imprenta de la Viuda de Ibarra. (NOTE: Should read ‘Chavaneau’) retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Cox, K. S., Wilt, J., Olson, B., & McAdams, D. P. (2010). Generativity, the Big Five, and psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults. Journal of personality, 78(4), 1185-1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00647.x
Dervaux, A. (2007). La dépression dans la vie et l'œuvre de Goya (1746-1828) (Depression in life and work of Goya). L'information psychiatrique, 83(3), 211-217. https://doi.org/10.3917/inpsy.8303.0211.
Dewey, R. S., & Hartley, D. E. (2015). Cortical cross-modal plasticity following deafness measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Hearing research, 325, 55-63.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2015.03.007
Doerner, M. (1934). The materials of the artist. Harcourt, Brace and World.
DuFeu, M., & McKenna, P. J. (1999). Prelingually profoundly deaf schizophrenic patients who hear voices: a phenomenological analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99(6), 453-459. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb00992.x
Felisati, D., & Sperati, G. (2010). Francisco Goya and his illness. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 30(5), 264. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040580
Fernandez-Doctor, A., Seva, A., & Dening, T. (1994). A discovery throwing light on the illness of F. de Goya y Lucientes. History of psychiatry, 5(17), 097-102. https:/dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154X9400501706
Fineberg, S. K., Deutsch-Link, S., Ichinose, M., McGuinness, T., Bessette, A. J., Chung, C. K., & Corlett, P. R. (2015). Word use in first-person accounts of schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.140046
Glendinning, N. (n.d.) Francisco de Goya y Lucientes. Official web of Museo del Prado.https://www.museodelprado.es/aprende/enciclopedia/voz/goya-y-lucientes-francisco-de/4997b179-627f-4680-9612-13a5162b30e0 Retrieved 15.3.18
Gómiz, J. J. (2011). Goya (1746-1828): Su vida y sus obras, familia y amistades. Circunstancias de su tiempo y semblanzas de los personajes mas relevantes. Revisión actualizada para un ensayo de biografia integrada.(Goya: life, works, family and friendships) Alicante. Biblioteca virtual Miguel de cervantes. http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmc1n8n0
Gómiz, J. J. (2007). Goya y su sintomatologia urinaria, 1825 (Goya and his lower urinary tract symptoms in Bordeaux, 1825 Abstract). Archivos espanoles de urologia, 60(8), 917-930. https://doi.org/10.4321/S000406142007000800009
González, F. L., & Montejo, A. G. (1997). Implication of lead poisoning in psychopathology of Vincent van Gogh. Actas luso-españolas de neurologia, psiquiatria y ciencias afines, 25(5), 309-326. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9428166
González-Estecha, M., Trasobares, E. M., Tajima, K., Cano, S., Fernández, C., López, J. L., ... & Fuentenebro, F. (2011). Trace elements in bipolar disorder. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 25, S78-S83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2010.10.015
Gordon, A. G. (2009). Goya had syphilis, not Susac’s syndrome. Practical neurology, 9(4), 240-240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.181974
Guerard. (1835) Encyclographie des sciences médicales, Répertoire général des sciences au XIX siècle. (Enciclography of Medical sciences in XIX Century). Bruxelles. Etablissement encyclographique. “E” pp 99-105. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Idro, R., Marsh, K., John, C. C., & Newton, C. R. (2010). Cerebral malaria: mechanisms of brain injury and strategies for improved neurocognitive outcome. Pediatric research, 68(4), 267. https://dx.doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181eee738
Johns, C. (2001) Review of "The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya" by John J. Ciofalo. CAA Reviews. https://dx.doi.org/10.3202/caa.reviews.2001.74.
Jones, S. R., & Fernyhough, C. (2006). A new look at the neural diathesis–stress model of schizophrenia: the primacy of social-evaluative and uncontrollable situations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(5), 1171-1177. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbl058
Kessing L.V, Vradi E., Andersen P.K. (2015) Life expectancy in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders 2015: 17: 543–548. John Wiley & Sons A/S. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12296
Kuo, C. L., Shiao, A. S., Wang, S. J., Chang, W. P., & Lin, Y. Y. (2016). Risk of sudden sensorineural hearing loss in stroke patients: A 5-year nationwide investigation of 44,460 patients. Medicine, 95(36). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004841
Lafargue, J. (1839). Art. Xv. Appréciation de la Doctrine Phrénologique ou des localisations des Facultés Intellectuelles et morales, au Moyen de l'anatomic Comparée (About phrenology theory, or localization of moral and intellectual faculties). The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 23(47), pp 168-171. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Larraya, T. G. (1928). Goya: su vida, sus obras. Barcelona. Sociedad General de Publicaciones.
Liu, C. Y., Wang, S. J., Fuh, J. L., Yang, Y. Y., & Liu, H. C. (1996). Bipolar disorder following a stroke involving the left hemisphere. Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 30(5), 688-691. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048679609062667
Maj, M., Akiskal, H. S., López-Ibor, J. J., & Sartorius, N. (Eds.). (2003). Bipolar disorder (Vol. 15). John Wiley & Sons.
Maurer, G. (2012). Goya, sordo, y la" máquina eléctrica". (Goya, deaf, and the electric machine) Boletín del Museo del Prado, 30(48), 94-97. Downloadable 15.3.2018: https://www.museodelprado.es/aprende/boletin/goya-sordo-y-la-maquina-electrica/78ba3646-d184-4d77-8f59-3575e42cadaf
Muhtadie, L., & Johnson, S. L. (2015). Threat sensitivity in bipolar disorder. Journal of abnormal psychology, 124(1), 93. https//dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038065
Needleman, H. L. (1991). Human lead exposure. CRC Press. Charpter 2, p.30
Newton, C. R., Hien, T. T., & White, N. (2000). Cerebral malaria. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 69(4), 433-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.69.4.433
Niederland, W. G. (1972). Goya's illness: A case of lead encephalopathy?. New York State Journal of Medicine. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1572695
Orisakwe, O. E. (2014). The role of lead and cadmium in psychiatry. North American journal of medical sciences, 6(8), 370. https//dx.doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.139283
Prater, Paige. "Goya’s Fantastic Vision of Madness." The Eagle Feather 8 (2011): n. pag. Web. 10 March 2018. http://doi:10.12794/tef.2011.129
Rao, J. V. B., Vengamma, B., Naveen, T., & Naveen, V. (2014). Lead encephalopathy in adults. Journal of neurosciences in rural practice, 5(2), 161. https//doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.131665
Ravin, J. G., & Ravin, T. B. (1999). What ailed goya?. Survey of ophthalmology, 44(2), 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(99)00080-6
Rozier, M. A. (1781). Observations sur la physique, (Observations on Physics) Vol. 12 (Electricite) Paris, Journal de Physique. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Ruiz de Luzuriaga, I.M. (1797) Tratado sobre el Colico de Madrid.(Treaty about the colic of Madrid) Madrid, Imprenta Real. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Saito, K. Abe, S. Relation between lead poisoning and Electroencephalography. Sangyo Igaku.Volume 7 (1965) Issue 6 pp 366-373 https://doi.org/10.1539/joh1959.7.366
Salazar, T. D. (1791). Tratado del uso de la Quina. (Treaty on the use of the Quina bark) Madrid, Viuda de Ibarra.Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Santiago, J. M. (2006). Goya, Fortuny, Van Gogh, Portinari: el saturnismo en los pintores a lo largo de tres siglos (Goya, Fortuny, Van Gogh, Portinari, lead poisoning in painters across three centuries). Revista clínica española, 206(1), 30-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2565(06)72707-2
Seseña, N.; (2004) Goya y las mujeres, (Goya and the women) Madrid, Ed. Taurus.
Simpson, J. A., Seaton, D. A., & Adams, J. F. (1964). Response to treatment with chelating agents of anaemia, chronic encephalopathy, and myelopathy due to lead poisoning. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 27(6), 536. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC495805/
Smith, P. E., Chitty, C. N., Williams, G., & Stephens, D. (2008). Goya’s deafness. Practical neurology, 8(6), 370-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2008.161349
Suárez , M. G. (1778). Memorias instructivas y curiosas sobre Agricultura, Comercio, Industria, Economía, Chymica, Botánica, Historia Natural, (Instructive and curious facts about agriculture, trade, industry, economy, chemistry, botanics and natural history ) T. II. Madrid, Pedro Marin. Retrieved from https://play.google.com/store/books?hl=en
Tsay, C. J. (2013). Julius Wagner-Jauregg and the legacy of malarial therapy for the treatment of general paresis of the insane. The Yale journal of biology and medicine, 86(2), 245. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766744
Vallejo-Nágera, J. A. (1982). Locos egregios (Famous madmen). Madrid, Editorial Dossat. Chp.11, Goya.
Varela, H. V. (2005). Goya, su sordera y su tiempo (Goya, his deafness and his time). Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola, 56(3), 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-6519(05)78584-8
Verghese, A. (1985). The “typhoid state” revisited. The American journal of medicine, 79(3), 370-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(85)90316-X
Wingfield, A., & Peelle, J. E. (2012). How does hearing loss affect the brain?. Aging health, 8(2), 107-109. https://doi.org/10.2217/ahe.12.5
Yvaren, P. (1854). Des métamorphoses de la syphilis. (Metamorphosis of Syphilis: investigation about diseases that syphilis can mimic in latent state). Spanish version translated by Dr. Ametller, 1860. Paris, M. JB Baillière.
Zormann, A., Sylle, K., Schroller, S., & Beck, J. (2012). A patient with susac syndrome and bipolar disorder. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 14(4). https://doi.org/ 10.4088/PCC.12l01350
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
